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Multi-gene assays have emerged as crucial tools for risk stratification in early-stage breast cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the 21-gene recurrence score (RS) in Chinese patients with pN0-1, estrogen receptor-positive (ER
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Female , Humans , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Receptors, EstrogenABSTRACT
Purpose@#This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the distribution pattern and prognostic value of 21-gene recurrence score (RS) in Chinese patients with mucinous breast cancer (MC) and compared with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). @*Materials and Methods@#Patients diagnosed with MC or IDC from January 2010 to January 2017 were retrospectively recruited. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction assay of 21 genes was conducted to calculate the RS. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association between RS and clinicopathological factors. Survival outcomes including disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. @*Results@#The MC cohort included 128 patients and the IDC cohort included 707 patients. The proportions of patients with a low (RS 30) were 32.0%, 48.4%, and 19.5% in MC cohort, and 26.9%, 46.8% and 26.3% in IDC cohort. The distribution of RS varied significantly according to different Ki-67 index and molecular subtype in both cohorts. Moreover, the receipt of chemotherapy was associated with RS in both cohorts. Among patients with MC, tumor stage was related to the DFS (p=0.040). No significant differences in DFS and OS were found among MC patients in different RS risk groups (OS, p=0.695; DFS, p=0.926). @*Conclusion@#RS was significantly related to Ki-67 index and molecular subtypes in MC patients, which is similar in IDC patients. However, RS was not able to predict DFS and OS in patients with MC.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) between core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgery removed sample (SRS) in early stage breast cancer patients and to identify the correlating factors and prognostic significance of TILs changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out on 255 patients who received CNB and underwent surgical resection for invasive breast cancer. Stromal TILs levels of CNB and SRS were evaluated respectively. Tumors with ≥50% stromal TILs were defined as lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer (LPBC). Clinicopathological variables were analyzed to determine whether there were factors associated with TILs changes. Log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the influences of TILs and TILs changes on survival. RESULTS: SRS-TILs (median, 10.0%) were significant higher than CNB-TILs (median, 5.0%; p<0.001). Younger age (<60 years, p=0.016) and long surgery time interval (STI, ≥4 days; p=0.003) were independent factors correlating with higher TILs changes. CNB-LPBC patients showed better breast cancer-free interval (BCFI, p=0.021) than CNB-non-LPBC (CNB-nLPBC) patients. Patients were categorized into four groups according to the LPBC change pattern from CNB to SRS: LPBC→LPBC, LPBC→nLPBC, nLPBC→LPBC, and nLPBC→nLPBC, with estimated 5-year BCFI 100%, 100%, 69.7%, and 86.0% (p=0.016). nLPBC→LPBC pattern was an independent prognostic factor of worse BCFI (hazard ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 4.53; p=0.035) compared with other patterns. CONCLUSION: TILs were significantly higher in SRS than in CNB. Higher TILs changes were associated with younger age and long STI. Changing from nLPBC to LPBC after CNB indicated a worse BCFI, which needs further validation.
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Humans , Biopsy, Large-Core Needle , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , Sexually Transmitted DiseasesABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of prostatic artery embolization (PAE)via transradial approach in treating prostatic hyperplasia.Methods The clinical data of 18 patients with prostatic hyperplasia,who received C-arm CT-guided PAE via left or right radial artery access,were retrospectively analyzed.The following indexes were recorded:arterial spasm and injury of upper limbs,incidence of puncture point bleeding,postoperative radial artery pulse and congestion,blood supply and nerve injury of fingers,the surgical success rate,incidence of perioperative cerebral vascular complications,operation time,radiation dose and clinical curative effect.Results Among the 18 patients,PAE via left radial artery access was employed in 14,and PAE via right radial artery access was performed in 4.Bilateral PAE was carried out in 16 patients,and only unilateral PAE was able to be successfully accomplished in 2 patients as the prostatic artery opening of the other side was tortuous with stenosis.After PAE,decreased radial pulse was observed in one patient and ultrasound examination revealed decreased blood flow.The operation time ranged from 96 min to 245 min.The radiation dose received by the patient varied from 2435 mGy to 4958 mGy with a mean of (3342±156) mGy,which was not significantly different from the radiation dose received by the patients who underwent PAE via femoral artery access during the same study period (P=0.1167).Conclusion In treating prostatic hyperplasia,PAE by using transradial approach is clinically safe and technically feasible.
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Objective@#To investigate the distribution patterns of 21-gene assay and its influencing factors in Chinese patients with early breast cancer.@*Methods@#Nine hundred and twenty-seven early breast cancer patients were retrospectively recruited from January 2009 to December 2015 at Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. The 21-gene reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assay were conducted in paraffin-embedded tumor tissues to calculate the Recurrence Score(RS). Immunohistochemistry(IHC) assay was used to measure the expression levels of estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor(PR) and Ki-67. Concordances of RT-PCR and IHC results were assessed. Correlations of RS and classical clinicopathological factors were evaluated, and logistic regression were applied to determine independent predictive factors for RS.@*Results@#The median RS of 927 patients was 23(range: 0~90), and the proportions of patients categorized as having a low, intermediate, or high risk were 26.5%, 47.7% and 25.8%, respectively. The distribution of RS varied significantly according to different tumor grade, T stage, PR status, Ki-67 index and molecular subtypes(P<0.05 for all). Grade, PR status and Ki-67 index were independent predictive factors for RS. ER, PR status and Ki-67 index showed significantly correlation between RT-PCR and IHC assays, and the concordance rates for ER and PR status were 98.7% and 87.8%, respectively.@*Conclusions@#RS significantly correlated with tumor grade, T stage, PR status, Ki-67 index and subtypes. Grade, PR status and Ki-67 index can independently predict RS. Remarkable concordances of ER, PR status and Ki-67 index are found between RT-PCR and IHC assays.
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Objective@#To investigate the effect of 21-gene recurrence score on adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-negative and lymph node (LN)-negative early stage-breast cancer.@*Methods@#One hundred and forty-eight patients with ER+ , HER-2- and LN- early stage breast cancer were recruited in the Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The 21-gene recurrence score (RS)assay was performed and systemic therapeutic decisions were made before and after knowing the RS results under multidisciplinary discussion. The effects of RS assay and the other influential factors on adjuvant chemotherapy decision were further analyzed.@*Results@#After knowing the RS results, treatment decisions were changed in 26 out of 148 patients(17.6%). Among them, 9 out of 26 patients were not recommended for chemotherapy; 16 of 26 had treatment recommendation changed to chemotherapy, and chemotherapy regimen was changed in the last one patient. Multivariate analysis showed that RS, age and histological grade were independent factors of decision-making for adjuvant chemotherapy.@*Conclusion@#Our results suggest that 21-gene recurrence score significantly influences decision making for adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with ER+ , HER-2- and LN- early stage breast cancer.
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Objective@#To evaluate the choice of surgical treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and its impact on long-term outcomes.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis of the clinicopathological features and treatment protocol of DCIS patients who underwent surgical treatment in Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January 2009 to August 2016 was done. The factors which could affect surgical treatment were analyzed by χ2 test and Logistic regression. Survival analysis were performed between different surgical approaches. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Log-rank tests demonstrated the distribution of disease free survival and overall survival.@*Results@#A total of 526 patients were enrolled in this study, 405 cases (77.0%) underwent mastectomy, 121 cases (23.0%) underwent breast-conserving surgery, of which 88 cases received radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery. It was shown by univariate and multivariate analysis that age>50 years (OR=0.631, 95% CI: 0.413 to 0.965, P=0.034), first symptom of nipple discharge (OR=0.316, 95% CI: 0.120 to 0.834, P=0.020), excision biopsy (OR=1.831, 95% CI: 1.182 to 2.835, P=0.007) and tumor size >3 cm (OR=0.422, 95% CI: 0.206 to 0.864, P=0.018) were significantly correlated with choice of surgical treatment for breast lesions. Axillary lymph node dissection was performed for 118 cases (22.4%), with sentinel lymph node biopsy for 327 cases (62.2%), and none for 81 cases (15.4%). There was significant statistical difference in the choice of axillary lymph node management in patients of different age (χ2=8.124, P=0.017), biopsy type (χ2=35.567, P=0.000), breast operation type (χ2=149.118, P=0.000) and tumor size (χ2=13.394, P=0.010). The 5-year disease free survival rates was 95.7%, 89.6% and 100%, respectively, for mastectomy group, breast-conserving surgery group and breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy group. And the 5-year overall survival rates for three groups were 99.0%, 100% and 100%. The differences were not statistically significant (P=0.427, 0.777).@*Conclusions@#For DCIS patients, age, first symptom and tumor size are independent predictors of breast surgery. The choice of axillary lymph node surgery is influenced by age, biopsy, operation type, and tumor size. Different surgical treatment options has no significant effect on disease-free survival and overall survival in DCIS patients.
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Objective@#To analyze adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and explore the influencing factors in the multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) modality.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was performed. The cases with invasive TNBC who underwent surgery and MDT discussion for adjuvant treatment in Ruijin Hospital, from April 2013 to June 2015, were recruited. The patients′ clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed and adjuvant treatment suggestions from MDT were obtained. Here the chemotherapy decision alteration was defined as a disagreement in chemotherapy or not, or inconsistence in regimens between the attending doctor and the multidisciplinary team.@*Results@#A total of 194 patients aged ≤70 years old were enrolled in the multidisciplinary discussion, and 187 patients (96.4%) were suggested to receive chemotherapy. When compared the opinions of the attending doctor to suggestions of the multidisciplinary team, we found that the percentage of chemotherapy decision alteration reached 22.7% (39/172), of which 94.9% (37/39) were inconsistence in chemotherapy regimens. There were 119 patients who were recommended to receive epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide (EC) followed by docetaxel (T) or weekly paclitaxel (wP) regimens. Before the announcement of results for the E1199 trial, EC-T accounted for 62.5% (55/88), and EC-wP accounted for 37.5% (33/88) for this group of patients. After that, the proportion of EC-T was decreased to 22.6% (7/31) and proportion of EC-wP increased to 77.4%(24/31) (P<0.001). In addition, a total of 20 patients were suggested to receive platinum based chemotherapy. The proportions were 9.3% in cases with invasive ductal carcinoma, and 33.3% in cases with metaplastic carcinoma, respectively (P=0.016).@*Conclusions@#The adjuvant chemotherapy decision for TNBC patients is altered in 22.7% of the patients after MDT discussion. After the announcement of SABCS E1199 results, more patients are suggested to receive EC followed by weekly paclitaxel. There is a lack of detailed evidence for platinum based adjuvant chemotherapy for TNBC, and more patients with metaplastic carcinoma receive platinum based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Objectives To calculate the rate of pathological underestimation for core needle biopsy (CNB)- diagnosed intraductal papillary tumors, to analyze the clinical and imaging data of patients and to dis-cuss factors for underestimation. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing core needle biopsy and subsequent surgical excision was performed. 1359 female patients undergoing CNB from Jan. 2010 to Feb. 2013 in Comprehensive Breast Health Center of Ruijin hospital were analyzed. Clinical, radiological and histo-logical variables were assessed using the Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and a binary logistic regression model in order to predict pathological underestimation for tumors. Results There were 50 patients with CNB-di-agnosed intraductal papillary tumors. The overall underestimation rate was about 44%(22/50). CNB-diagnosed atypical papillary lesions (OR=15.164, 95% CI 1.49-170.443) and BI-RADS 5 by MRI (OR=26.766, 95% CI 2.409-297.440)were significantly related to underestimation in these patients. Conclusions Considering the high underestimation rate in CNB-diagnosed intraductal papillary tumors, routine surgical excision should be per-formed to avoid potential malignancy, especially for patients with high risk factors. MRI is helpful in these pa-tients to predict underestimation.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the factors influencing the non-sentinel lymph node(NSLN) status and to assess performance of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) nomogram in predicting sentinel lymph node(SLN) metastases in a SLN positive Chinese breast cancer population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data were collected from breast cancer patients who were diagnosed with pathological positive sentinel lymph node and received further axillary lymph node dissection(ALND) in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital from January 2011 to August 2014. MSKCC nomogram was used to calculate each patient's NSLN metastasis risk score. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to assess the predictive accuracy of the model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 1 147 patients who received sentinel biopsy, 150 SLN positive patients who received ALND were enrolled in this study. By univariate analysis, multifocal breast cancer (χ(2)=5.887, P=0.015), SLN+ /SLN ratio (χ(2)=6.683, P=0.010) and abnormal axillary lymph node displayed by ultrasound (χ(2)=7.736, P=0.005) were the influencing factors of NSLN metastases. By multivariate analysis, multifocal breast cancer (OR=7.25, 95% CI: 1.73 to 30.43, P=0.007), SLN+ /SLN ratio ≥ 0.5 (OR=2.564, 95% CI: 1.22 to 5.39, P=0.013) and abnormal axillary lymph node displayed by ultrasound (OR=2.471, 95% CI: 1.18 to 5.19, P=0.017) were the independent influencing factors of NSLN metastases. The AUC of MSKCC nomogram in this population was 0.677.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For breast cancer patients with positive sentinel lymph node, multifocality, SLN+ /SLN ratio and axillary lymphadenopathy displayed by ultrasound is related to NSLN metastasis. MSKCC has low accuracy in predicting NSLN status of this population.</p>
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Humans , Area Under Curve , Axilla , Breast Neoplasms , China , Lymph Node Excision , Lymph Nodes , Lymphatic Metastasis , Multivariate Analysis , Nomograms , ROC Curve , Risk Factors , Sentinel Lymph Node BiopsyABSTRACT
Background and purpose: The position of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) expression during cell division is in the cytoplasm. It is a catalytic enzyme to convert deoxythymidine into thymidylate. It is the key enzyme of pyrimidine salvage pathway. The aim of this study was to analyze the serum expression level of TK1 in patients with breast cancer, and explore the application of serum TK1 test in clinical assessments of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for breast cancer. Methods: Patient data were collected from the patients admitted in Comprehensive Breast Health Center at Rui Jin Hospital. Chemiluminesence dot blot assay was used to detect serum TK1 levels in 145 breast cancer patients and 55 patients with breast ifbroadenoma. The correlations of serum TK1 levels with breast tumor biological behavior was further studied. Results:Serum TK1 expression levels was signiifcantly increased in breast cancer patients [(2.749±0.122)pmol/L] when compared to breast fibroadenoma patients[(1.319±0.126)pmol/L, P0.05), different tumor grades (P=0.453) and different tumor size (P=0.908). Preoperative imaging results including breast ultrasound, breast mammography and breast magnetic resonance were analyzed by assessments of BI-RADS category, and serum TK1 levels in patients with different BI-RADS categories were studied. Serum TK1 levels in patients with breast ultrasound BI-RADS categories 4C-6 were signiifcantly higher than those with category 0-4B (P0.05). Most patients were followed up in our outpatient department for about 2 years. No progression-free survival differences were found in 2years. Conclusion:Serum TK1 test might be a potential tool for screening, prognosis determination and effect evaluations of targeted therapy in breast carcinoma.
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Objective To explore cognition level on nuclear and radiation in Beijing high school students,which may provide evidence for promoting science popularization on nuclear and radiation.Methods Questionnaire-based survey was conducted in Beijing high school students,randomized cluster sampling was used to recruit study participants.Demographic information was collected,and cognition level on nuclear and radiation was evaluated by questionnaire.Results A total of 1 029 pieces of eligible questionnaires were collected.The correct rate for answering common sense about nuclear and radiation was 58％,with score of boys significantly higher than that of girls (t =4.131,P ＜0.05).About subjective cognition of nuclear and radiation knowledge,87 (8.5％) indicated ' quite clear',779 (75.7％) indicated 'know a little',163 (15.8％) indicated 'know nothing'.There was significant difference in score of common sense about nuclear and radiation among people with various subjective cognition level of nuclear and radiation (J-T =8.279,P ＜0.05).There was a linear correlation between support degree for nuclear power and subjective cognition level of nuclear and radiation (r =0.161,P ＜0.05).There was significant difference in score of common sense about nuclear and radiation among people with various support degree for nuclear power (J-T =7.508,P ＜0.05),whereas those who had got high scores tended to support nuclear power to a higher degree.Conclutions Students knew little about knowledge on nuclear and radiation.It is necessary to strengthen propaganda and education on nuclear and radiation,which may help enhance the students' comprehensive quality,and sustainable expansion of nuclear power more support in the long run.
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Objective To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging detection on preoperatively predicting axillary lymph node in breast cancer patients.Methods From August 2010 to February 2011,the clinical data of 293 breast cancer patients underwent preoperative breast ultrasound exam and MRI detection in Ruijin Hospital were analyzed retrospectively.Results In 293 breast cancer patients,3 suffered from bilateral breast cancer.The sensitivity,specificity,negative predictive value and positive predictive value of ultrasound were 60.0％,90.6％,78.0％ and 80.2％,respectively.The sensitivity,specificity,negative predictive value and positive predictive value of MRI test were 50.5％,90.8％,74.0％ and 77.9％,respectively.There was no significant difference between ultrasound and MRI test in these four indices (P ＞ 0.05).No significant difference on accuracy and predictive value was seen in subgroup analysis according to tumor size,tumor grade,hormone receptor and HER2 status between the two examinations.The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound associated with MRI test were 70.6％ and 97.2％.Conclusions The accuracy and predictive value between preoperative ultrasound exam and MRI is comparable.Ultrasound associated with MRI examination can achieve high specificity,which may spare a portion of patients free from sentinel lymph nodes biopsy.
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Total 7594 elderly subjects from three urban districts in Beijing were enrolled in the study with randomized cluster sampling design. Physical examination and fasting plasma glucose test were undertaken for all participants.Based on the diagnosis criteria from The Guidelines of Dyslipidemia Control for Chinese Adults in 2007,the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) was 26.57％ (2018/7594) and the prevalence of central obesity was 42.04％ ( 3193/7594 ).Using waist circumference ( WC ) as independent variable and MS prevalence as dependant variable,we developed a “Central obesity-Metabolic Syndrome”multiple regression model.The results showed that among those having WC higher than cutoff point,with each 3.3 cm reduction of WC,the prevalence of MS decreased by 4.5％.Therefore,central obesity can be used an important clinical target of MS for both prevention and treatment purposes.
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Objective To observe the effects of fennel essential oil and water extracts (distilled oil is not included) on gastrointestinal motility disorder caused by atropine in mice.Methods Kunming mice were randomly divided into blank control group, model group atropine, water extracts group, fennel essential oil group, mosapride group. Blank control group and model group atropine were orally administered with normal saline of 0.2 ml/10 g. Water extracts group was orally administered with Water extracts (75 mg/ml) of 0.2 ml/10 g. Fennel essential oil group was orally administered with Essential oil of 300 mg/kg. Mosapride group was orally administered with mosapride(15 mg/ml). Subjects were orally treated for 3 d. After fasting for 18 h, blank control group was intraperitoneally injected saline on the fourth day, and other groups were injected atropine sulfate injection to induce animal model of gastrointestinal motility disorder. Blue dextran(BD)2000 was used to observe the gastric emptying rate and rate of intestinal propulsion. Results Gastric emptying rates of fennel essential oil group, mosapride group, water extracts group and model group atropine were respectively(91.97±4.42)%, (90.26±5.81)%, (80.01±6.27)%,(72.88±9.13)%,and intestinal pushing rates were respectively(53.32±7.49)%,(53.02±9.13)%,(44.16±7.68)%,(37.52±6.19)%.Fennel essential oil, mosapride and water extracts enhanced the gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion in gastrointestinal motility disorder animal caused by atropine(P values were 0.004、0.001、0.004、0.003、0.025、0.015),where Fennel essential oil and mosapride were superior to the water,extracts(P values were 0.000、0.002、0.001、0.001).Conclusion Fennel extracts may promote gastrointestinal movement of atropine-induced gastrointestinal motility disorder in mice and fennel essential oil is the main active ingredient.
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Objective: Dithiothreitol(DTT) and ?-Mercaptoethanol(2-ME) are important reducing agents for SDS-PAGE.This study is to observe the diffusing effect of DTT and 2-ME during electrophoresis,and to find a way of avoiding this effect.Methods: We placed protein samples containing reducing agents and non-reduced protein samples separately in the sample wells at intervals for SDS-PAGE electrophoresis,and determined whether or not the electrophoretic lanes of the non-reduced samples were interfered by the adjacent lanes.Results: DTT and 2-ME diffused to the neighboring lane,so that the non-reduced samples were reduced partially.The spreading effect was positively correlated with the content of the reducing agent.Conclusion: DTT and 2-ME have a diffusing effect during SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.In separating the reduced and non-reduced proteins in the same gel at the same time,at least a blank lane should be set up in between them in order to avoid the diffusing effect.
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AIM： To estabish a HPLC assay for the determination of pirarubicin（Pir） in plasma.METHODS： Daunomycin（DM） was used as the internal standard.Plasma samples were extracted with CHCl3∶ CH3OH（2∶ 1） .0.4M NH4Cl buffer（pH=9.0） solution： CH2OH（1∶ 9） and the internal standard were added.Separation was carried out on a 250mm× 4.6mm（5μ m） phenomenex column with 0.04M KH2PO4（pH=3.0） ∶ CH3CN（68∶ 32） as mobile phase.Fluorescent detector was set at an excitation wavelength of 480nm and an emission wavelength of 550nm.RESULTS： The calibration curves for serum Pir was linear over the range of 5～1 000ng/ml（r=0.9 997） .The recovery of Pir was 95.3％ .The within-day and between-day variations were less than 5％ .T1/2β ， CLs， Vd and AUC of Pir were（12.8± 5.9） h， （128.3± 52.6） L/（m2· h） ， （1 754.3± 478.2） L/m2 and （428.7± 137.2） ng/（h· ml） ， respectively.CONCLUSION： The method is suited for monitoring blood concentration and pharmacokinetic study of Pir.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish an RP-HPLC method for the content determination of glycyrrhizic acid in gly-cyrrhizin liposome.METHODS:The separation was performed on Shim-pack VP-ODS column with methanol-buffer phosphate(pH=2.6,68∶32)as the mobile phase,the detection wavelength was254nm and the flow rate was1ml/min.RE-SULTS:Glycyrrhizic acid was well-separated with peaks of the adjuvants and the solvent.The linear range for glycyrrhizic acid was1～100?g/ml(r=0.9999,n=5).The average recovery was97.56%(RSD=1.03%).CONCLUSION:This method is accurate and sensitive,and suitable for the content determination of glycyrrhizic acid in glycyrrhizin liposome.